Biogeographic regionalization of human infectious diseases in Brazil based on geographically explicit data.

OBJECTIVE: Biogeographic regionalization represents abstractions of the organisation of life on Earth, and can provide a large-scaled framework for health management and planning. We aimed at determining a biogeographic regionalization for human infectious diseases in Brazil, and at investigating non-mutually exclusive hypotheses predicting the observed regions. METHODS: Based on the spatial distributions of 12 infectious diseases with mandatory notification (SINAN database, 2007-2020, n = 15,839), we identified regions through a clustering procedure based on beta-diversity turnover. The analysis was repeated 1000 times by randomly shuffling the rows (0.5° cells) in the original matrix. We evaluated the relative importance of variables using multinomial logistic regression models: contemporary climate (temperature and precipitation), human activity (population density and geographic accessibility), land cover (11 classes), and the full model (all variables). We refined the geographic boundaries of each cluster by polygonising their kernel densities to identify clusters' core zones. RESULTS: The two-cluster solution showed the best correspondence between disease ranges and clusters geographic limits. The largest cluster occurred with more density in the central and northeastern regions, while the smaller and complementary cluster occurred in the south and southeastern region. The best model for explaining the regionalization was the full model, supporting the 'complex association hypothesis'. The heatmap showed a NE-S directional display of the cluster's densities, and core zones showed geographic correspondence with tropical + arid (NE) versus temperate (S) climates. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that there is a discernible latitudinal pattern in the turnover of disease in Brazil, and this phenomenon is associated with an intricate interplay between contemporary climate, population activity, and land cover. This generalised biogeographic pattern may offer the earliest insights into the geographic arrangement of diseases in the country. We suggested that the latitudinal pattern could be adopted as a nationwide framework for geographic vaccine allocation.

Modelling Highly Biodiverse Areas in Brazil.

Traditional conservation techniques for mapping highly biodiverse areas assume there to be satisfactory knowledge about the geographic distribution of biodiversity. There are, however, large gaps in biological sampling and hence knowledge shortfalls. This problem is even more pronounced in the tropics. Indeed, the use of only a few taxonomic groups or environmental surrogates for modelling biodiversity is not viable in mega-diverse countries, such as Brazil. To overcome these limitations, we developed a comprehensive spatial model that includes phylogenetic information and other several biodiversity dimensions aimed at mapping areas with high relevance for biodiversity conservation. Our model applies a genetic algorithm tool for identifying the smallest possible region within a unique biota that contains the most number of species and phylogenetic diversity, as well as the highest endemicity and phylogenetic endemism. The model successfully pinpoints small highly biodiverse areas alongside regions with knowledge shortfalls where further sampling should be conducted. Our results suggest that conservation strategies should consider several taxonomic groups, the multiple dimensions of biodiversity, and associated sampling uncertainties.

Modelling highly biodiverse areas in Brazil

Traditional conservation techniques for mapping highly biodiverse areas assume there to be satisfactory knowledge about the geographic distribution of biodiversity. There are, however, large gaps in biological sampling and hence knowledge shortfalls. This problem is even more pronounced in the tropics. Indeed, the use of only a few taxonomic groups or environmental surrogates for modelling biodiversity is not viable in mega-diverse countries, such as Brazil. To overcome these limitations, we developed a comprehensive spatial model that includes phylogenetic information and other several biodiversity dimensions aimed at mapping areas with high relevance for biodiversity conservation. Our model applies a genetic algorithm tool for identifying the smallest possible region within a unique biota that contains the most number of species and phylogenetic diversity, as well as the highest endemicity and phylogenetic endemism. The model successfully pinpoints small highly biodiverse areas alongside regions with knowledge shortfalls where further sampling should be conducted. Our results suggest that conservation strategies should consider several taxonomic groups, the multiple dimensions of biodiversity, and associated sampling uncertainties.

Modelling highly biodiverse areas in Brazil

Traditional conservation techniques for mapping highly biodiverse areas assume there to be satisfactory knowledge about the geographic distribution of biodiversity. There are, however, large gaps in biological sampling and hence knowledge shortfalls. This problem is even more pronounced in the tropics. Indeed, the use of only a few taxonomic groups or environmental surrogates for modelling biodiversity is not viable in mega-diverse countries, such as Brazil. To overcome these limitations, we developed a comprehensive spatial model that includes phylogenetic information and other several biodiversity dimensions aimed at mapping areas with high relevance for biodiversity conservation. Our model applies a genetic algorithm tool for identifying the smallest possible region within a unique biota that contains the most number of species and phylogenetic diversity, as well as the highest endemicity and phylogenetic endemism. The model successfully pinpoints small highly biodiverse areas alongside regions with knowledge shortfalls where further sampling should be conducted. Our results suggest that conservation strategies should consider several taxonomic groups, the multiple dimensions of biodiversity, and associated sampling uncertainties.

Publisher Correction: Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas.

Although Brazil is a megadiverse country and thus a conservation priority, no study has yet quantified conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas (PAs) using extensive empirical data. Here, we evaluate the degree of biodiversity protection and knowledge within all the Brazilian PAs through a gap analysis of vertebrate, arthropod and angiosperm occurrences and phylogenetic data. Our results show that the knowledge on biodiversity in most Brazilian PAs remain scant as 71% of PAs have less than 0.01 species records per km2. Almost 55% of Brazilian species and about 40% of evolutionary lineages are not found in PAs, while most species have less than 30% of their geographic distribution within PAs. Moreover, the current PA network fails to protect the majority of endemic species. Most importantly, these results are similar for all taxonomic groups analysed here. The methods and results of our countrywide assessment are suggested to help design further inventories in order to map and secure the key biodiversity of the Brazilian PAs. In addition, our study illustrates the most common biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in the tropics.

Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas

Although Brazil is a megadiverse country and thus a conservation priority, no study has yet quantified conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas (PAs) using extensive empirical data. Here, we evaluate the degree of biodiversity protection and knowledge within all the Brazilian PAs through a gap analysis of vertebrate, arthropod and angiosperm occurrences and phylogenetic data. Our results show that the knowledge on biodiversity in most Brazilian PAs remain scant as 71% of PAs have less than 0.01 species records per km(2). Almost 55% of Brazilian species and about 40% of evolutionary lineages are not found in PAs, while most species have less than 30% of their geographic distribution within PAs. Moreover, the current PA network fails to protect the majority of endemic species. Most importantly, these results are similar for all taxonomic groups analysed here. The methods and results of our countrywide assessment are suggested to help design further inventories in order to map and secure the key biodiversity of the Brazilian PAs. In addition, our study illustrates the most common biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in the tropics.

Andean region: a shapefile of Morrone's (2015) biogeographical regionalisation.

Morrone's (2015) biogeographic regionalisation of the Andean region is based on the distributional ranges of terrestrial plants and animals. It is the most comprehensive and methodologically supported biogeographical scheme for the region to date. The Andean region comprises one transition zone (the South American transition zone), three subregions (Central Chilean, Subantarctic and Patagonian) and 15 provinces (Morrone, 2015).

Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Latin America and the Caribbean: geographic distribution and check-list by country.

Here we provide a geographic database for the Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) that are endemic to Latin America and the Caribbean and non-synanthropic. We summarize the geographic information provided by specimens from three entomological collections in Brazil (DZUP, MNRJ, and MZUEFS) as well as geographic information we compiled in the literature. The resulting 817 species were linked to their geographic records by country, state/province/department, locality, latitude and longitude, including source reference. When coordinates were not provided in specimens' labels, we used the locality information to search geographic coordinates in online gazetteers. We also separated the species by country for a country-species list. These data comprise 250 years of collections and taxonomic studies of Neotropical Muscidae and we expect that it provides a foundation and serves as guide for future studies of systematics and biogeography of the family.

Development, longevity, gonotrophic cycle and oviposition of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) under cyclic temperatures / Desenvolvimento, longevidade, ciclo gonadotrófico e oviposição de Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) sob temperaturas cíclicas

Os efeitos de temperaturas cíclicas no desenvolvimento, longevidade, ciclo gonadotrófico e número de ovos postos de Aedes albopictus Skuse foram analisados por meio de experimentoslaboratoriais. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com mosquitos oriundos de Registro, SP e mantidos em insetário por dois anos. O desenvolvimento do inseto foi acompanhado desde o ovo até a emergência do adulto, a 25/18ºC e 27/20ºC e o adulto a 27/20ºC, ambos associados com fotoperíodo de 12h. Os ovos receberam dois tratamentos: (A) manutenção do volume da água; (B) troca periódica e completa da água. A alimentação sangüínea era oferecida diariamente aos mosquitos com interrupção quando o repasto era realizado, e retomada após a primeira oviposição. O desenvolvimento dos imaturos foi significativamente diferente sob os diferentes regimes de temperatura (P < 0,05), e a velocidade de desenvolvimento foi afetada positivamente pelo aumento da temperatura. A combinação do regime detemperaturas mais altas com a troca periódica e completa da água permitiu maior viabilidade dos ovos e encurtou o período de incubação. A longevidade dos adultos não foi diferente entre machos e fêmeas e a mortalidade foi regular ao passar do tempo. A comparação da longevidade do mosquito sob temperaturas constantes e cíclicas sugere que a menor temperatura do regime cíclico seja um fator limitante para a sobrevivência do mosquito. Esse fato pode ser um importante limitador da distribuição de A. albopictus por sugerir que o mosquito está restrito a ocupar áreas com temperaturas mínimas não muito inferiores a 20ºC.

The effects of cyclic temperatures on Aedes albopictus Skuse development, longevity, gonotrophic cycle and the number of oviposited eggs were assessed by means of laboratory experiments. The experiments were carried out with mosquitoes from Registro, São Paulo, Brazil, kept in insectary for two years. The development of the insect was followed from egg to adult emergence under 25/18ºC and 27/20ºC and adult stage under 27/20ºC, both associated with LD 12:12h. The eggs received two treatments: (A) maintenance of water volume; (B) periodical and complete change of water. Blood meal was offereddaily and it was interrupted after haematophagy and restarted after first oviposition. The immature development was significantly different under the temperature regimes (P < 0.05) and the increased temperatures positively affected the development speed. The combination of higher temperaturesregime and periodical and complete change of water increased the eggs viability and shortened the incubation time. Adult longevity was not different between males and females and the mortality was regular through the time. Comparing the mosquito longevity under constant and cyclic temperatures, itis suggested that the lowest temperature of the cyclic regime is a limiting factor for mosquito survival.This fact may limit the A. albopictus distribution range to areas where the minimal temperatures are not much bellow 20ºC.

[First report of Aedes albopictus in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil]. / Primeiro registro de Aedes albopictus no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.

Three adult females of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) were captured using a human bait in the surrounding dwelling area of the remaining rain forest in Itaguassu beach, island of São Francisco do Sul, northern coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Primeiro registro de Aedes albopictus no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil; [notas e informaçöes] / First report of Aedes albopictus in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil; [notes and information]

Três fêmeas adultas de Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) foram capturadas por meio de isca humana em área peridomiciliar de remanescente de Mata Atlântica na Praia de Itaguaçu, Ilha de Säo Francisco do Sul, litoral Norte de Santa Catarina